Thiazide or thiazide-like diuretics in treatment of arterial hypertension?

Authors

  • G.D. Radchenko State Institution “National Scientific Center “M.D. Strazhesko Institute of Cardiology” of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine”, Kyiv, Ukraine

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.22141/2224-1485.6.56.2017.120323

Keywords:

arterial hypertension, thiazides, chlorthalidone, azilsartan, combinations

Abstract

This article is a literature review of data about pharmacokinetics, efficacy and safety of thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics in the treatment of arterial hypertension and about their possible rational combinations. It was concluded that thiazide-like diuretics have some advantages in the treatment of hypertensive patients. Some distinctive characteristics of chlorthalidone were reflected. There were reviewed data about combination that is new for Ukrainian market — thiazide-like diuretic chlorthalidone and angiotensin II receptor blocker azilsartan.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Настанова та клінічний протокол надання медичної допомоги «Артеріальна гіпертензія». Наказ № 384 МОЗ України від 24.05.12.

Source: Pharm Standart, retail audit, without sales in Crimea.

Компендиум. Лекарственные препараты. — К.: Морион, 2010. — С. К-14.

Ernst M., Moser M. Use of Diuretics in Patients with Hypertension // N. Engl. J. Med. — 2009. — Vol. 361. — P. 2153-2164.

Beerman B., Groschinsky-Grind M. Pharmacokinetics of hydrochlorothiazide in patients with congestive heart failure // Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. — 1979. — Vol. 7. — P. 579-583.

Carter B.L., Ernst M.E., Cohen J.D. Hydrochlorothiazide versus chlorthalidone: evidence supporting their interchangeabi-lity // Hypertension. — 2004. — Vol. 43. — P. 4-9.

Sica D.A. Chlorthalidone: has it always been the best thiazide-type diuretic? // Hypertension. — 2006. — Vol. 47. — P. 321-322.

Diuretics: the cornerstone of hypertension treatment / Ed. by F. Leenen and C. Thuillez. — Abingdon: Wolter Kluwer Health, 2005. — 49 р.

Cauley J.A., Cummings S.R., Seeley D.G. et al. Effects of thiazide diuretic therapy on bone mass, fractures, and falls. The Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group // Ann. Intern. Med. — 1993. — Vol. 118. — P. 666.

La Croix A.Z., Wienpahl J., White L.R. et al. Thiazide diuretic agents and the incidence of hip fracture // N. Engl. J. Med. — 1990. — Vol. 322. — P. 286.

Lemann J. Jr, Gray R.W., Maierhofer W.J., Cheung H.S. Hydrochlorothiazide inhibits bone resorption in men despite experimentally elevated serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D concentrations // Kidney Int. — 1985. — Vol. 28. — P. 951.

Schoofs M. Thiazide diuretics and the risk for hip fracture // Annals of Internal Medicine. — 2003. — Vol 139. — P. 476-483.

Aung K., Htay T. Thiazide diuretics and the risk of hip fracture // Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. — 2011. — Issue10. — Art. No: CD005185. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005185.pub2.

Bennett W.M., McDonald W.J., Kuehnel E., Hartnett M.N., Porter G.A. Do diuretics have antihypertensive pro-perties independent of natriuresis? // Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. — 1977. — Vol. 22. — P. 499-50411.

Jones B., Nanra R.S. Double-blind trial of antihypertensive effect of chlorothiazide in severe renal failure // Lancet. — 1979. — Vol. 2. — P. 1258-1260.

Beavers W.R., Blackmore W.P. Effect of chlorothiazide on vascular reactivity // Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. — 1958. — Vol. 98. — P. 133-135.

Bataillard A., Schiavi P., Sassard J. Pharmacological properties of indapamide // Clin. Pharmacokinet. — 1999. — Vol. 37 (suppl. 1). — P. 7-12.

Musini V.M., Nazer M., Bassett K., Wright J.M. Blood pressure-lowering efficacy of monotherapy with thiazide diure-tics for primary hypertension // Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. — 2014. — Issue 5. — Art. No.: CD003824. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003824.pub.

Everett B.M., Glynn R.J., Danielson E. et al. Combination therapy versus monotherapy as initial treatment for stage 2 hypertension: a prespecified subgroup analysis of a community-based, randomized, open-label trial // Clin. Ther. — 2008. — Vol. 30. — P. 661-672.

Jaillon P., Asmar R. Blood pressure reduction over 32 hours in hypertensive patients after 2 months of combination therapy with indapamide SR // J. Hypertens. — 2001. — 19 (Suppl. 2). — S234.

Materson B.J., Reda D.J., Cushman W.C. et al. Single-drug therapy for hypertension in men: aomparison of six antihypertensive agents with placebo // N. Engl. J. Med. — 1993. — Vol. 328. — P. 914-21.

Chobanian A.V., Bakris G.L., Black H.R. et al. The Se-venth Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report // JAMA. — 2003. — Vol. 289. — P. 2560-2572.

Calhoun D.A., Jones D., Textor S. et al. Resistant hypertension: diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment. A scientific statement from the American Heart Association Professional Education Committee of the Council for High Blood Pressure Research // Hypertension. — 2008. — Vol. 51(6). — P. 1403-1419.

Psaty B.M., Lumley T., Furberg C.D. et al. Health outcomes associated with various antihypertensive therapies used as first-line agents: a network meta-analysis // JAMA. — 2003. — Vol. 289. — P. 2534-2544.

Law M.R., Morris J.K., Wald N.J. Use of blood pressure lowering drugs in the prevention of cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of 147 randomised trials in the context of expectations from prospective epidemiological studies // BMJ. — 2009. — Vol. 338. — P. b1665.

Wright J.M., Musini V.M. First-line drugs for hypertension // Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. — 2009. — 3. — CD001841.

Turnbull F. Effects of different blood-pressure-lowering regimens on major cardiovascular events: results of prospectively-designed overviews of randomised trials // Lancet. — 2003. — Vol. 362. — P. 1527-1535.

Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists’ Collaboration. Do men and women respond differently to blood pressure-lowering treatment? Results of prospectively designed overviews of randomized trials // Eur. Heart J. — 2008. — Vol. 29. — P. 2669-2680.

Effects of different regimens to lower blood pressure on major cardiovascular events in older and younger adults: meta-analysis of randomised trials // BMJ. — 2008. — Vol. 336. —

P. 1121-1123.

Thomopoulosa C., Parati G., Zanchetti A. Effects of blood pressure-lowering on outcome incidence in hypertension: 5. Head-to-head comparisons of various classes of antihypertensive drugs overview and meta-analyses // Journal of Hypertension. — 2015. — Vol. 33. — P. 1321-1341.

ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic: the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT) // JAMA. — 2002. — Vol. 288. — P. 2981-2997.

Whelton P.K., Barzilay J., Cushman W.C. et al. Clinical outcomes in antihypertensive treatment of type 2 diabetes, impaired fasting glucose concentration, and normoglycemia: Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT) // Arch. Intern. Med. — 2005. — Vol. 165. — P. 1401-1409.

Barzilay J.I., Davis B.R., Cutler J.A. et al. Fasting glucose levels and incident diabetes mellitus in older nondiabetic adults randomized to receive 3 different classes of antihypertensive treatment: a report from the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Low-ering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT) // Arch. Intern. Med. — 2006. — Vol. 166. — P. 2191-2201.

Black H.R., Davis B., Barzilay J., et al. Metabolic and clinical outcomes in non-diabetic individuals with the metabolic syndrome assigned to chlorthalidone, amlodipine, or lisinopril as initial treatment for hypertension: a report from the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT) // Diabetes Care. — 2008. — Vol. 31. — P. 353-360.

Wright J.T. Jr, Probstfield J.L., Cushman W.C. et al. ALLHAT findings revisited in the context of subsequent analyses, other trials, and meta-analyses // Arch. Intern. Med. — 2009. — Vol. 169. — P. 84265-68.

Neaton J.D., Grimm R.H. Jr, Prineas R.J., Stamler J., Grandits G.A., Elmer P.J., Cutler J.A., Flack J.M., Schoenberger J.A., McDonald R. et al. Treatment of Mild Hypertension Study. Final results. Treatment of Mild Hypertension Study Research Group // JAMA. — 1993. — Vol. 270(6). — P. 713-24.

Prevention of stroke by antihypertensive drug treatment in older persons with isolated systolic hypertension. Final results of the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP). SHEP Cooperative Research Group // JAMA. — 1991. — Vol. 265. — P. 3255-3264.

Kostis J.B., Cabrera J., Cheng J.Q., Cosgrove N.M., Deng Y., Pressel S.L., Davis B.R. Association between chlorthalidone treatment of systolic hypertension and long-term survival // JAMA. — 2011. — Vol. 306. — P. 2588-2593.

Wing L., Reid C, Ryan P. et al. Second Australian National Blood Pressure Study Group. A comparison of outcomes with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and diuretics for hypertension in the elderly // N. Engl. J. Med. — 2003. — Vol. 448. — P. 583-592.

Grimm R.H. Jr, Grandits G.A., Cutler J.A. et al. Relationships of quality-of-life measures to long-term lifestyle and drug treatment in the Treatment of Mild Hypertension Study // Arch. Intern. Med. — 1997. — Vol. 15 — P. 638-648.

Cushman W.C., Khatri I., Materson B.J. et al. Treatment of hypertension in the elderly. III. Response of isolated systolic hypertension to various doses of hydrochlorothiazide: results of a Department of Veterans Affairs cooperative study // Arch. Intern. Med. — 1991. — Vol. 151. — P. 1954-60.

Carter B.L., Einhorn P.T., Brands M. et al. Thiazide-induced dysglycemia: call for research from a working group from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute // Hypertension. — 2008. — Vol. 52. — P. 30-36.

Franse L.V., Pahor M., Di Bari M., Somes G.W., Cushman W.C., Applegate W.B. Hypokalemia associated with diuretic use and cardiovascular events in the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program // Hypertension. — 2000. — Vol. 35. — P. 1025-1030.

Ram C.V., Garrett B.N., Kaplan N.M. Moderate sodium restriction and various diuretics in the treatment of hypertension // Arch. Intern. Med. — 1981. — Vol. 141. — P. 1015-1019.

Turnbull F., Neal B., Algert C. et al. Effects of different blood pressure-lowering regimens on major cardiovascular events in individuals with and without diabetes mellitus: results of prospectively designed overviews of randomized trials // Arch. Intern. Med. — 2005. — Vol. 165. — P. 1410-1419.

Curb J.D., Pressel S.L., Cutler J.A. et al. Effect of diuretic-based antihypertensive treatment on cardiovascular disease risk in older diabetic patients with isolated systolic hypertension // JAMA. — 1996. — Vol. 276. — P. 1886-1892.

Kostis J.B., Wilson A.C., Freudenberger R.S., Cosgrove N.M., Pressel S.L., Davis B.R. Long-term effect of diuretic-based therapy on fatal outcomes in subjects with isolated systolic hypertension with and without diabetes // Am. J. Cardiol. — 2005. — Vol. 95. — P. 29-35.

Samuelsson O., Pennert K., Andersson O., Berglund G., Hedner T., Persson B., Wedel H., Wilhelmsen L. Diabetes mellitus and raised serum triglyceride concentration in treated hypertension — are they of prognostic significance? // Brit. Med. J. — 1996. — Vol. 313. —P. 660-663.

Verdecchia P., Reboldi G., Angeli F., Borgioni C., Gattobigio R., Filippucci L., Norgiolini S., Bracco C., Porcellati C. Adverse prognostic significance of new diabetes in treated hypertensive subjects // Hypertension. — 2004. — Vol. 43. — P. 963-969.

Zillich A.J., Garg J., Basu S., Bakris G.L., Carter B.L. Thiazide diuretics, potassium, and the development of diabetes: a quantitative review // Hypertension. — 2006. — Vol. 48. — P. 219-224.

Shafi T., Appel L.J., Miller E.R. III, Klag M.J., Parekh R.S. Changes in serum potassіum mediate thiazide-induced diabetes // Hypertension. — 2008. — Vol. 52. — P. 1022-1029.

Jamerson K., Weber M.A., Bakris G.L. et al. Benazepril plus amlodipine or hydrochlorothiazide for hypertension in high risk patients // N. Engl. J. Med. — 2008. — Vol. 359. — P. 2417-2428.

Gress T.W., Nieto F.J., Shahar E., Wofford M.R., Brancati F.L. Hypertension and antihypertensive therapy as risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus: Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study // N. Engl. J. Med. — 2000. — Vol. 342. — P. 905-912.

Savage P.J., Pressel S.L., Curb J.D. et al. Influence of long-term, low-dose, diuretic-based, antihypertensive therapy on glucose, lipid, uric acid, and potassium levels in older men and women with isolated systolic hypertension: the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program // Arch. Intern. Med. — 1998. — Vol. 158. — P. 741-751.

Langford H.G. et al. Is thiazide-produced uric acid ele-vation harmful? Analysis of data From the Hypertension Detection and Follow up Program // Arch. Intern. Med. — 1987. — Vol. 147. — P. 645-649.

McMahon F.G. Management of Essential Hypertension: The Once-a-Day Era. — 3rd ed. — Chapter VI. Diuretics. — Р. 297-378. — Mount Kisco, N.Y: Futura Publishing Company, Inc., 1990.

Wortman R.L., Kelley W.N. Chapter 87. Gout and hyperuricemia // Kelley’s Text book of Rheumatology / Harris E.D et al. — Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders, 2005. — Р. 1402-1429.

Schrijver G., Weinberger M.H. Hydrochlorothiazide and Spironolactone in hypertension // Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. — 1979. — 25. — P. 33-42.

Khan A.M. Effect of diuretics on the renal handling of urate // Semin. Nephrol. — 1998. — Vol. 8. — P. 305-314.

Janssens H.J.E.M., van de Lisdonk E.H., Janssens M., van den Hoogen H.J.M., Verbeek A.L.M. Gout, not induced by diuretics? A case-control study from primary care // Ann. Rheum. Dis. — 2006. — Vol. 65(8). — P. 1080-1083.

Waller P.C., Ramsay L.E. Predicting acute gout in diure-tic-treated hypertensive patients // J. Hum. Hypertens. — 1989. — Vol. 3(6). — P. 457-461.

Inaba M., Noguchi Y., Yamamoto T. et al. Effects of a low dose of indapamide, a diuretic, given daily or every-other-day on blood pressure and metabolic parameters // Hypertens. Res. — 2004. — Vol. 27. — P. 141-145.

Elliott W.J., Grimm R.H. Jr. Using diuretics in practice — one opinion // J. Clin. Hypertens (Greenwich). — 2008. —

Vol. 10. — P. 856-862.

Management of hypertension: summary of NICE gui­dance // BMJ. — 2011. — Vol. 343. — P. 4891.

Hypertension Canada’s 2017 Guidelines for Diagnosis, Risk Assessment, Prevention, and Treatment of Hypertension in Adults // Canadian J. Cardiology. — 2017. — Vol. 33. — P. 557-576.

Jackson E.K. Diuretics // Goodman&Gilman’s the pharmacological basis of therapeutics / Brunton L.L, Lazo J.S., Parker K.L. eds. — 11th ed. — New York: McGraw-Hill, 2006. — P. 737-770.

Bowlus W.E., Langford H.G. A comparison of the antihypertensive effect of chlorthalidone and hydrochlorothiazide // Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. — 1964. — Vol. 5. — P. 708-711.

Finnerty F.A. Jr. A double-blind study of chlorthalidone and hydrochlorothiazide in an outpatient population of moderate hypertensives // Angiology. — 1976. — Vol. 27. — P. 738-744.

Ernst M.E., Carter B.L., Goerdt C.J. et al. Comparative antihypertensive effects of hydrochlorothiazide and chlorthalidone on ambulatory and office blood pressure // Hypertension. — 2006. — Vol. 47. — P. 352-358.

Dorsch M.P., Gillespie B.W., Erickson S.R., Bleske B.E., Weder A.B. Chlorthalidone reduces cardiovascular events compared with hydrochlorothiazide: a retrospective cohort analysis // Hypertension. — 2011. — 57. — P. 689-694.

Wenjing Liang, Hui Ma, Luxi Cao, Wenjiang Yan, Jingjing Yang. Comparison of thiazide-like diuretics versus thiazide-type diuretics: A meta-analysis // J. Cell. Mol. Med. — 2017. — Vol. XX, № X. — P. 1-9.

Matthews K., Brenner M., Brenner A. Evaluation of the Efficacy and Safety of a Hydrochlorothiazide to Chlorthalidone Medication Change in Veterans With Hypertension // Clin. Ther. — 2013. — Vol. 35, Issue 9. — P. 1423-1430. DOI: http: // dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2013.07.430.

Grossman E., Sharabi Y., Messerli F.H. Thiazide-induced hyponatremia is predictable // Am. J. Med. — 2012. — Vol. 125(8). — Р. 9.

Engberink R., Frenkel W., van den Bogaard B. et al. Effects of Thiazide-Type and Thiazide-Like Diuretics on Cardiovascular Events and Mortality Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis // Hypertension. — 2015. — Vol. 65. — P. 1033-1040.

Siscovick D., Raghunathan T., Psaty B. et al. Diuretic Therapy for Hypertension and the Risk of Primary Cardiac Arrest // N. Engl. J. Med. — 1994. — Vol. 330. — P. 1852-1857.

Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Research Group. Mortality After 101/2 Years for Hypertensive Participants in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial // Circulation. — 1990. — Vol. 82. — P. 1616-1628.

Madkour H., Gadallah M., Riveline B. et al. Indapamide is superior to thiazide in the preservation of renal function in patients with renal insufficiency and systemic hypertension // Am. J. Cardiol. — 1996. — Vol. 77. — P. 23-25B.

Leonetti G., Rappelli A., Salvetti A., Scapellato L. Long-term effects of indapamide: final results of a two-year Italian multicenter study in systemic hypertension // Am. J. Cardiol. — 1990. — Vol. 65. — P. 67H-71H.

Stears A.J., Woods S.H., Watts M.M. et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial comparing the effects of amiloride and hydrochlorothiazide on glucose tolerance in patients with essential hypertension // Hypertens. — 2012. — Vol. 59. — P. 934-942.

Mancia G., Seravalle G., Grassi G. Tolerability and treatment compliance with angiotensin II receptor antagonists // Am. J. Hypertens. — 2003. — Vol. 16. — P. 1066-1073.

Kronish I., Woodward M., Sergie Z. et al. Meta-Analysis Impact of Drug Class on Adherence to Antihypertensives Circulation. — 2011. — Vol. 123. — P. 1611-1621.

Sica D.A., Moser M. Diuretic therapy in cardiovascular disease // Hypertension: acompanion to Braunwald’s heart dise-ase / Black H.R., Elliott W.J., eds. — Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 2007.

Paton R.R., Kane R.E. Long-term diuretic therapy with metolazone of renal failure and the nephritic syndrome // J. Clin. Pharmacol. — 1977. — Vol. 17. — P. 243-251.

Ellison D.H. Diuretic resistance: physiology and therapeutics // Semin. Nephrol. — 1999. — 19 (6).

Mann S. Drug Therapy for Resistant Hypertension: Simplifying the Approach // J. Clin. Hypertension. — 2011. — Vol. 13, Issue 2. — P. 120-130. DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-7176.2010.

x.

2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) // Journal of Hypertension. — 2013. — Vol. 31. — P. 1281-1357. doi: 10.1097/01.hjh.0000431740.32696.cc.

ESC Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases developed in collaboration with EASD // Eur. Heart J. — 2013. — Vol. 34. — P. 3035-3087. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/eht108.

Ojima M., Igata H., Tanaka M., Sakamoto H., Kuroita T., Kohara Y., Kubo K., Fuse H., Imura Y., Kusumoto K., Nagaya H. In vitro antagonistic properties of a new angiotensin type 1 receptor blocker, azilsartan, in receptor binding and function studies // J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. — 2011. — Vol. 336. — P. 801-808. doi: 10.1124/jpet.110.176636.

Hatanaka M., Kaimori J.Y., Yamamoto S., Matsui I., Hamano T., Takabatake Y., Ecelbarger C.M., Takahara S., Isaka Y., Rakugi H. Azilsartan Improves Salt Sensitivity by Modula-

ting the Proximal Tubular Na+-H+ Exchanger-3 in Mice // PLoS One. — 2016. — Vol 25. — 11(1). — P. 0147786. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147786. eCollection 2016.

Bakris G.L., Sica D., Weber M., White W.B., Roberts A., Perez A., Cao C., Kupfer S. The comparative effects of azilsartan medoxomil and olmesartan on ambulatory and clinic blood pressure // J. Clin. Hypertens (Greenwich). — 2011. — Vol. 13. — P. 81-88.

Bakris G. et al. // J. Clin. Hypertens (Greenwich). — 2010. — 12 (Suppl. 1). — A107.

Rakugi H., Kario K., Sugiura K., IkedaY. Effect of azilsartan versus candesartan on morning blood pressure surges in Japanese patients with essential hypertension // Blood Press Monit. — 2014. — Vol. 19(3). — P. 164-169. doi: 10.1097/MBP.0000000000000042.

White W.B., Weber M.A., Sica D., Bakris G.L., Pe-rez A., Cao C., Kupfer S. Effects of the angiotensin receptor blocker azilsartan medoxomil versus olmesartan and valsartan on ambulatory and clinic blood pressure in patients with stages 1 and 2 hypertension // Hypertension. — 2011. — Vol. 57. —

P. 413-420.

French C.J., Zaman A.K., Sobel B.E. The angiotensin receptor blocker, azilsartan medoxomil (TAK-491), suppresses vascular wall expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor type-I protein potentially facilitating the stabilization of atherosclerotic plaques // J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. — 2011. — Vol. 58. — P. 143-148. doi: 10.1097/FJC.0b013e31821dcbea.

Iwai M., Chen R., Imura Y., Horiuchi M. TAK-536, a new AT1 receptor blocker, improves glucose intolerance and adipocyte differentiation // Am. J. Hypertens. — 2007. — Vol. 20. — P. 579-586.

Kajiya T., Ho C., Wang J., Vilardi R., Kurtz T.W. Mole-cular and cellular effects of azilsartan: a new generation angiotensin II receptor blocker // J. Hypertens. — 2011 Dec. — 29(12). — P. 2476-83. doi: 10.1097/HJH.0b013e32834c46fd.

KusuyamaТ., Ogata Н., Takeshita Н., Kohno Н., Shimodozono S., Iida Н., Tsukazaki Т. Effects of Azilsartan Compared to Other Angiotensin Receptor Blockers on Left Ventricular Hypertrophy and the Sympathetic Nervous System in Hemodialysis Patients // Therapeutic Apheresis and Dialysis. — 2014. — Vol. 18, Issue 5. — P. 398-403.

Bakris G.L., Sica D., White W.B., Cushman W.C., Weber M.A., Handley A., Song E., Kupfer S. Antihypertensive efficacy of hydrochlorothiazide vs chlorthalidone combined with azilsartan medoxomil // Am. J. Med. — 2012. — Vol. 25(12). — P. 1229. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2012.05.023.

Cushman W.C., Bakris G.L., White W.B., Weber M.A., Sica D., Roberts A., Lloyd E., Kupfer S. Azilsartan medoxomil plus chlorthalidone reduces blood pressure more effectively than olmesartan plus hydrochlorothiazide in stage 2 systolic hypertension // Hypertension. — 2012. — Vol. 60(2). — P. 310-8. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.188284.

Del Rio M., Chulia T., Merchan-Perez A. et al. Effects of indapamide on atherosclerosis development in choleste-rol-fed rabbits // J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. — 1995. — 25. —

P. 973-8.

Spence J.D., Huff M., Barnett P.A. Effects of indapamide versus hydrochlorothiazide on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in hypertensive patients: a direct comparison // Can. J. Clin. Pharmacol. — 2000 Spring. — 7(1). — 32-7.

Published

2022-01-24

How to Cite

Radchenko, G. (2022). Thiazide or thiazide-like diuretics in treatment of arterial hypertension?. HYPERTENSION, (6.56), 31–49. https://doi.org/10.22141/2224-1485.6.56.2017.120323

Issue

Section

Review

Most read articles by the same author(s)

1 2 3 > >>